Abstract
Apple Watches are a shopper wearable units that seize parameters comparable to exercise and coronary heart fee that enable for the monitoring of well being metrics comparable to health, circadian rhythm, and sleep. To view an in a single day sleep profile, the Apple Watch has an iOS person interface on each the watch in addition to on synced units allowing the person to provoke monitoring and retrieve abstract metrics. Apple Watch offers synthesized sleep insights, comparable to sleep stage, sleep effectivity and nocturnal coronary heart fee measures. Nevertheless, the uncooked information should not accessible, therefore its proprietary algorithmic course of and efficiency are tough to guage. There may be paucity of peer reviewed validation/ efficiency publications for sleep staging. Total, like most different wrist based mostly actigraphy units, the Apple Watch could misclassify true wake durations as sleep however with a excessive sensitivity for sleep. Relative to a number of shopper sleep trackers, the Apple Watch is mostly a excessive performer in assessing sleep latency and sleep effectivity. For sleep, Apple watches are basic wellness units (and thus not requiring FDA clearance). For some fashions, Apple has FDA clearance for IRNF (irregular rhythm notification characteristic PPG evaluation software program: 7/21/23), atrial fibrillation historical past characteristic (6/3/22), IRNF app (10/22/21), and ECG app (10/8/20).
Claimed Capabilities/Measurements
The claimed capabilities rely upon the particular watch mannequin. Most fashions enable customers to trace sleep occasions and levels (Awake, Core sleep (N1 and N2), Deep sleep, REM sleep), sleep period, exercise, resting and strolling coronary heart charges, coronary heart fee variability patterns, ECG patterns, exercises, wrist temperatures, and different options. Most fashions additionally present reminders or alerts referring to actions, sleep, and sure arrhythmias. Some fashions present pulse oximetry, crash and fall detection.
Mechanism
Movement, coronary heart fee, respiratory fee, wrist temperature (for some fashions), pulse oximetry (for some fashions)
Sensors
Solely the 3-axis accelerometer is used for the sleep staging algorithm.
Technical Concerns
Sleep monitoring is just activated when the person defines a sleep time within the Sleep app, and requires a minimal of 4 hours to make use of (limiting utility of monitoring throughout naps.) Apple offers a hyperlink on methods to handle your healthcare information and information privateness: https://assist.apple.com/en-us/108779 and https://appletoolbox.com/protecting-your-privacy-and-security-on-apple-watch/ Different hyperlinks to technical references: https://www.apple.com/healthcare/docs/web site/Estimating_Sleep_Stages_from_Apple_Watch_Sept_2023.pdf and https://developer.apple.com/documentation/watchos-apps
Publications and Associated Abstracts
Quotation: Lee T, Cho Y, Cha KS, Jung J, Cho J, Kim H, Kim D, Hong J, Lee D, Keum M, Kushida CA, Yoon IY, Kim JW. Accuracy of 11 Wearable, Nearable, and Airable Shopper Sleep Trackers: Potential Multicenter Validation Research. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2023 Nov 2;11:e50983.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/50983
URL: https://mhealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e50983
Trade Assist: No
Validation Research: Sure
Comparability Take a look at(s): T-test, bland altman
Research Abstract: Lee et al evaluated 11 widespread shopper sleep trackers, together with the Apple Watch, to validate their accuracy by comparability with in-lab polysomnography. 1) Research was carried out in Seoul, South Korea, and included 75 adults between 19 and 70 years who had subjective sleep discomfort with 26 of these utilizing the Apple Watch Collection 8. 2) Total sleep staging accuracy was 56%. Sensitivity and Specificity are offered for particular sleep levels within the article; notably, wake sensitivity was 45%. 3) Research was targeted on the Korean inhabitants and operational variations between websites led to earlier get up time in a single web site. 4) Imply sleep effectivity was 81%. 5) Software program updates of all units have been carried out on March 1, 2023. 6) PSG handbook scoring not explicitly stated- “Two technicians independently interpreted the outcomes, adopted by a evaluate by sleep physicians”. 7) Double scoring was carried out. 8) Epoch-by Epoch analyses was carried out. 9) No algorithm info was offered. 10) No medical trials.gov hyperlink.
Quotation: Miller DJ, Sargent C, Roach GD. A Validation of Six Wearable Gadgets for Estimating Sleep, Coronary heart Fee and Coronary heart Fee Variability in Wholesome Adults. Sensors (Basel). 2022 Aug 22;22(16):6317.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166317
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/16/6317
Trade Assist: No
Validation Research: Sure
Comparability Take a look at(s): PSG and different sleep wearables
Research Abstract: Six generally used wearable units (Apple Watch S6, Garmin Forerunner 245 Music, Polar Vantage V, Oura Ring Technology 2, WHOOP 3.0 and Somfit) have been assessed for sleep and coronary heart fee and coronary heart fee variability throughout, or simply previous to, night-time sleep. Fifty-three adults (26 F, 27 M, aged 25.4 ± 5.9 years) underwent PSG and wore all 6 units. In contrast with PSG, settlement (and Cohen’s kappa) for two-state categorization of sleep durations (as sleep or wake) was 88% (κ = 0.30) for Apple Watch. In contrast with polysomnography, settlement (and Cohen’s kappa) for multi-state categorization of sleep durations (as a particular sleep stage or wake) was 53% (κ = 0.20) for Apple Watch. The authors concluded that every one six units require enchancment for the evaluation of particular sleep levels.
Associated Applied sciences
Masimo Sleep, Withings Scanwatch, Galaxy watches, Fibit watches, Oura ring, Belun rings, Go2Sleep, Biostrap, EverSleep, Wellue SleepU wrist oxygen monitor, Polar watches, Jawbone watches
The publish Apple Watch appeared first on American Academy of Sleep Medication – Affiliation for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers.
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